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Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
The Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, (UNDO) ((ウクライナ語:Українське національно-демократичне об'єднання, УНДО), ''Ukrayin'ske Natsional'no-Demokratichne Obyednannia'', (ポーランド語:Ukraińskie Zjednoczenie Narodowo-Demokratyczne)) was the largest Ukrainian political party in the Second Polish Republic, active in territory that is currently Western Ukraine. It dominated the mainstream political life of the Ukrainian minority in Poland,〔(''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'', National Democratic Party'' ), written by Vasyl Mudry〕 which with almost 14% of Poland's population was the largest minority within that country. UNDO was founded in 1925 and dissolved during the Soviet annexation of western Ukraine in 1939. Throughout the interwar years, UNDO enjoyed both German and Soviet financial support in their struggle against Poland. 〔Andrzej A. Zięba (2010). ''Lobbing dla Ukrainy w Europie Międzywojennej. Ukraińskie Biuro Prasowe w Londynie oraz jego konkurenci polityczni (do roku 1932)''. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, pp. 136-7, 151〕
==Political programme==
UNDO like other western Ukrainian political parties considered Polish rule over current western Ukraine to be illegitimate, advocating the independence of western Ukraine. It sought to promote Ukrainians' well-being within the Polish state until independence could be achieved, and in so doing opposed the terrorism and violence of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists because such actions resulted in negative repercussions on the Ukrainian population. UNDO was essentially democratic in nature, guided by varying amounts of Catholic, liberal, and socialist ideology.〔John Armstrong (1963). ''Ukrainian Nationalism''. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 18-19〕 UNDO supported constitutional democracy and the "organic development" of Ukrainian society that would prepare it for independence once the opportunity arose. The approach of "organic development" focused on building up Ukrainian institutions, promoting Ukrainian education, and fostering Ukrainian self-reliance organizations that could operate independently from the Polish authorities. In so doing, UNDO hoped to achieve through peaceful means that which was not attained through war. UNDO supported agrarian reform and the development and expansion of the Ukrainian cooperative movement, particularly agricultural and financial cooperatives. UNDO also maintained close relations with the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.〔Orest Subtelny. (1988). ''Ukraine: a History.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 434-441〕 Ukrainian women's organizations actively participated in UNDO, which sent a woman representative to the Ukrainian parliament where she attained the position of party spokesperson.〔Sharon L. Wolchik and Alfred G. Meyer. (1985). ''Women, State, and Party in Eastern Europe ''. Duke University Press. pp.89-90〕
UNDO pursued a dual policy with respect to Poland's next largest minority, the Jews. UNDO protested acts of antisemitism and cooperated with Jewish representatives in the Polish parliament.〔Philip Friedman. ''Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation.'' In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. pg. 177〕 It supported Jewish civil rights and fought against Polish attempts to limit Jewish cultural practices.〔Emanuel Melzer. (1997). ''No way out: the politics of Polish Jewry, 1935-1939 '' Hebrew Union College Press: pp.113-130〕 For example, UNDO's representatives in the Polish parliament joined their Jewish colleagues in voting against an attempt to limit kosher slaughtering. UNDO's support for the Jews was largely driven by the belief that actions against Jews would set a precedent for future discrimination against Ukrainians. Following a Polish pogrom against Jews in 1936, an UNDO leader published an article called "After the Jews Will Come Our Turn." 〔 Despite its rejection of violence and discrimination against Jews, UNDO also engaged in an economic struggle against them by supporting Ukrainian cooperatives through boycotting non-Ukrainian (and thus, often, Jewish) businesses. While rejecting Polish offers of cooperation against Jews, UNDO spokesmen also blamed Jews for spreading Communism in Ukrainian villages.〔
Seeing Poland as the main enemy, in the 1920s while Soviet Ukraine was experiencing a cultural revival, a significant segment of the UNDO leadership had a pro-Soviet orientation.〔 Dmytro Levytsky, party leader, wrote in 1925, "We are firmly convinced that, much like abstract communism, the Soviet form of government is alien to the mindset of the Ukrainian nation. But as we register facts, we cannot make note of certain facts while ignoring others. Therefore, we state the well-known and unquestionable fact that the national idea is growing, strengthening, and developing in Soviet Ukraine."〔(We and the Empire ), article by Stanislav Kulchitsky, in the newspaper ''Day'', February 14th, 2006〕 After Ukrainization ended, and news of Soviet crimes devastating Ukrainian society in the 1930s (such as the Holodomor) filtered into western Ukraine, UNDO radically altered its position towards the Soviet Union, coming to consider it the principal enemy of Ukraine. With this in mind, UNDO's programme evolved into seeking a new understanding with Poland. This alienated some of its supporters and brought it into conflict with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.〔(''Political Activities of the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance'' ) Summary of Dissertation defended by Boris Gregorovich Khruslov, Chernivtsi University, 2000 (Ukrainian)〕
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